Network Working Group Y. Sheffer Internet-Draft Intuit Intended status: Standards Track July 08, 2016 Expires: January 9, 2017 TLS Server Identity Pinning with Tickets draft-sheffer-tls-pinning-ticket-02 Abstract Fake public-key certificates are an ongoing problem for users of TLS. Several solutions have been proposed, but none is currently in wide use. This document proposes to extend TLS with opaque tickets, similar to those being used for TLS session resumption, as a way to pin the server's identity. That is, to ensure the client that it is connecting to the right server even in the presence of corrupt certificate authorities and fake certificates. The main advantage of this solution is that no manual management actions are required. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on January 9, 2017. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must Sheffer Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 1] Internet-Draft Pinning Tickets July 2016 include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1. Conventions used in this document . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2. Protocol Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.1. Initial Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.2. Subsequent Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.3. Indexing the Pins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3. Message Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4. Cryptographic Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4.1. Pinning Secret . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4.2. Pinning Ticket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4.3. Pinning Proof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5. Operational Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5.1. Protection Key Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5.2. Ticket Lifetime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5.3. Certificate Renewal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5.4. Certificate Revocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5.5. Disabling Pinning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5.6. Server Compromise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 5.7. Disaster Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 6. Previous Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 6.1. Comparison: HPKP Deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 6.2. Comparison: TACK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 7. Implementation Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 7.1. Mint Fork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 7.1.1. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 7.1.2. Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 7.1.3. Level of Maturity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 7.1.4. Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 7.1.5. Licensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 7.1.6. Contact Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 8. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 8.1. Trust on First Use (TOFU) and MITM Attacks . . . . . . . 14 8.2. Pervasive Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 8.3. Server-Side Error Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 8.4. Client Policy and SSL Proxies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 8.5. Client-Side Error Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 8.6. Client Privacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 9. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 10. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 11. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 11.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 11.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Sheffer Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 2] Internet-Draft Pinning Tickets July 2016 Appendix A. Document History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 A.1. draft-sheffer-tls-pinning-ticket-02 . . . . . . . . . . . 18 A.2. draft-sheffer-tls-pinning-ticket-01 . . . . . . . . . . . 18 A.3. draft-sheffer-tls-pinning-ticket-00 . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1. Introduction The weaknesses of the global PKI system are by now widely known. Essentially, any valid CA may issue a certificate for any organization without the organization's approval (a misissued or "fake" certificate), and use the certificate to impersonate the organization. There are many attempts to resolve these weaknesses, including Certificate Transparency (CT) [RFC6962], HTTP Public Key Pinning (HPKP) [RFC7469], and TACK [I-D.perrin-tls-tack]. CT requires cooperation of a large portion of the hundreds of extant certificate authorities (CAs) before it can be used "for real", in enforcing mode. It is noted that the relevant industry forum (CA/ Browser Forum) is indeed pushing for such extensive adoption. TACK has some similarities to the current proposal, but work on it seems to have stalled. Section 6.2 compares our proposal to TACK. HPKP is a standard, but so far has proven hard to deploy (see Section 6.1). This proposal augments these mechanisms with a much easier to implement and deploy solution for server identity pinning, by reusing some of the mechanisms behind TLS session resumption. When a client first connects to a server, the server responds with a ticket and a committed lifetime. The ticket is modeled on the session resumption ticket, but is distinct from it. Specifically, the ticket acts as a "second factor" for proving the server's identity; the ticket does not authenticate the client. The committed lifetime indicates for how long the server promises to retain the server-side ticket-encryption key, which allows it to complete the protocol exchange correctly and prove its identity. The committed lifetime is typically on the order of weeks or months. We follow the Trust On First Use (TOFU) model, in that the first server authentication is only based on PKI certificate validation, but for any follow-on sessions, the client is further ensuring the server's identity based on the server's ability to decrypt the ticket and complete the handshake correctly. This version of the draft only discusses TLS 1.3. We believe that the idea can also be back-fitted into earlier versions of the protocol. The main advantages of this protocol over earlier pinning solutions are: Sheffer Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 3] Internet-Draft Pinning Tickets July 2016 - The protocol is at the TLS level, and as a result is not restricted to HTTP at the application level. - Once a single parameter is configured (the ticket secret's lifetime), operation is fully automated. The server administrator need not bother with the management of backup certificates or explicit pins. - For server clusters, we reuse the existing [RFC5077] infrastructure where it exists. - Pinning errors, presumably resulting from MITM attacks, can be detected both by the client and the server. This allows for server-side detection of MITM attacks using large-scale analytics. A note on terminology: unlike other solutions in this space, we do not do "certificate pinning" (or "public key pinning"), since the protocol is oblivious to the server's certificate. We prefer the term "server identity pinning" for this new solution. 1.1. Conventions used in this document The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119]. 2. Protocol Overview The protocol consists of two phases: the first time a particular client connects to a server, and subsequent connections. This protocol supports full TLS handshakes, as well as 0-RTT handshakes. Below we present it in the context of a full handshake, but behavior in 0-RTT handshakes should be identical. The preshared key (PSK) variant of TLS 1.3 is orthogonal to this protocol. A TLS session can be established using PKI and a pinning ticket, and later resumed with PSK. The PSK handshake MUST NOT include the extension defined here. 2.1. Initial Connection When a client first connects to a server, it requests a pinning ticket by sending an empty PinningTicket extension, and receives it as part of the server's first response, in the returned PinningTicket extension. Sheffer Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 4] Internet-Draft Pinning Tickets July 2016 Client Server ClientHello + key_share + PinningTicket --------> ServerHello + key_share {EncryptedExtensions + PinningTicket} {ServerConfiguration*} {Certificate*} {CertificateRequest*} {CertificateVerify*} <-------- {Finished} {Certificate*} {CertificateVerify*} {Finished} --------> [Application Data] <-------> [Application Data] * Indicates optional or situation-dependent messages that are not always sent. {} Indicates messages protected using keys derived from the ephemeral secret. [] Indicates messages protected using keys derived from the master secret. The server computes a pinning_secret value (Section 4.1) in order to generate the ticket. When the connection setup is complete, the client computes the same pinning_secret value and saves it locally, together with the received ticket. The client SHOULD cache the ticket and the pinning_secret for the lifetime received from the server. The client MUST forget these values at the end of this duration. The returned ticket is sent as part of the ServerHello encrypted extensions, and MUST NOT be sent as part of a HelloRetryRequest. 2.2. Subsequent Connections When the client initiates a connection to a server it has previously seen (see Section 2.3 on identifying servers), it SHOULD send the pinning ticket for that server. The server MUST extract the original pinning_secret from the ticket and MUST respond with a PinningTicket extension, which includes: Sheffer Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 5] Internet-Draft Pinning Tickets July 2016 - A proof that the server can understand the ticket that was sent by the client; this proof also binds the pinning ticket to the server's (current) public key. The proof is MANDATORY if a ticket was sent by the client. - A fresh pinning ticket. The main reason for refreshing the ticket on each connection is privacy: to avoid the ticket serving as a fixed client identifier. It is RECOMMENDED to include a fresh ticket with each response. If the server cannot validate the ticket, that might indicate an earlier MITM attack on this client. The server MUST then abort the connection with a handshake_failure alert, and SHOULD log this failure. The client MUST verify the proof, and if it fails to do so, MUST issue a handshake_failure alert and abort the connection (see also Section 8.5). When the connection is successfully set up, i.e. after the Finished message is verified, the client SHOULD store the new ticket along with the corresponding pinning_secret. Although this is an extension, if the client already has a ticket for a server, the client MUST interpret a missing PinningTicket extension in the server's response as an attack, because of the server's prior commitment to respect the ticket. The client MUST abort the connection in this case. See also Section 5.5 on ramping down support for this extension. 2.3. Indexing the Pins Each pin is associated with a host name, protocol (TLS or DTLS) and port number. In other words, the pin for port TCP/443 may be different from that for DTLS or from the pin for port TCP/8443. The host name MUST be the value sent inside the Server Name Indication (SNI) extension. This definition is similar to a Web Origin [RFC6454], but does not assume the existence of a URL. IP addresses are ephemeral and forbidden in SNI and therefore Pins MUST NOT be associated with IP addresses. 3. Message Definitions This section defines the format of the PinningTicket extension. We follow the message notation of [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13]. Sheffer Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 6] Internet-Draft Pinning Tickets July 2016 opaque pinning_ticket<0..2^16-1>; opaque pinning_proof<0..2^8-1>; struct { select (Role) { case client: uint16 ticket_len; //zero if no ticket pinning_ticket ticket<0..2^16-1>; //omitted on 1st connection case server: uint16 proof_len; //zero if no proof pinning_proof proof<0..2^8-1>; //no proof on 1st connection uint16 ticket_len; //zero if no ticket pinning_ticket ticket<0..2^16-1>; //omitted on ramp down uint32 lifetime; } } PinningTicketExtension; ticket a pinning ticket sent by the client or returned by the server. The ticket is opaque to the client. The extension MUST contain exactly 0 or 1 tickets. proof a demonstration by the server that it understands the ticket and therefore that it is in possession of the secret that was used to generate it originally. The proof is further bound to the server's public key to prevent some MITM attacks. The extension MUST contain exactly 0 or 1 proofs. ticket_len, proof_len the length in octet of the ticket or, respectively, the proof. The length values are each 2 bytes, in network order. lifetime the duration (in seconds) that the server commits to accept the newly offered ticket in the future. 4. Cryptographic Operations This section provides details on the cryptographic operations performed by the protocol peers. 4.1. Pinning Secret On each connection that includes the PinningTicket extension, both peers derive the the value pinning_secret from the shared Diffie Hellman secret. They compute: pinning_secret = HKDF(xSS + xES, "pinning secret", L) Sheffer Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 7] Internet-Draft Pinning Tickets July 2016 using the notation of [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13], sec. Key Schedule. This secret is used by the server to generate the new ticket that it returns to the client. The length of the secret L is determined by the server, and MUST be between 16 and 63 octets, inclusive. 4.2. Pinning Ticket The pinning ticket's format is not specified by this document, but it MUST be encrypted and integrity-protected using a long-term pinning- ticket protection key. The server MUST rotate the protection key periodically, and therefore the ticket MUST contain a protection key ID or serial number. The ticket MUST allow the server to recover the pinning_secret value, and MAY include additional information. As noted in Section 5.1, if the server is actually a cluster of machines, the protection key MUST be synchronized between them. An easy way to do it is to derive it from the session-ticket protection key, which is already synchronized. For example: pinning_protection_key = HKDF(resumption_protection_key, "pinning protection", L) 4.3. Pinning Proof The proof sent by the server consists of this value: proof = HMAC(original_pinning_secret, "pinning proof" + crlen + client.random + srlen + server.random + Hash(server_public_key)) where HMAC [RFC2104] uses the Hash algorithm for the handshake, and the same hash is also used over the server's public key. The server_public_key value is the DER representation of the public key, specifically the SubjectPublicKeyInfo structure as-is. The nonce lengths crlen and srlen are a single octet each. 5. Operational Considerations The main motivation behind the current protocol is to enable identity pinning without the need for manual operations. Manual operations are susceptible to human error and in the case of public key pinning, can easily result in "server bricking": the server becoming inaccessible to some or all of its users. Sheffer Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 8] Internet-Draft Pinning Tickets July 2016 5.1. Protection Key Synchronization The only operational requirement when deploying this protocol is that if the server is part of a cluster, protection keys (the keys used to encrypt tickets) MUST be synchronized between all cluster members. The protocol is designed so that if resumption ticket protection keys [RFC5077] are already synchronized between cluster members, nothing more needs to be done. Moreover, synchronization does not need to be instantaneous, e.g. protection keys can be distributed a few minutes or hours in advance of their rollover. Misconfiguration can lead to the server's clock being off by a large amount of time. Therefore we recommend never to automatically delete protection keys, even when they are long expired. 5.2. Ticket Lifetime The lifetime of the ticket is a commitment by the server to retain the ticket's corresponding protection key for this duration, so that the server can prove to the client that it knows the secret embedded in the ticket. For production systems, the lifetime SHOULD be between 7 and 30 days. 5.3. Certificate Renewal The protocol ensures that the client will continue speaking to the correct server even when the server's certificate is renewed. In this sense, we are not "pinning certificates" and the protocol should more precisely be called "server identity pinning". 5.4. Certificate Revocation The protocol is orthogonal to certificate validation, in the sense that, if the server's certificate has been revoked or is invalid for some other reason, the client MUST refuse to connect to it. 5.5. Disabling Pinning A server implementing this protocol MUST have a "ramp down" mode of operation where: - The server continues to accept valid pinning tickets and responds correctly with a proof. - The server does not send back a new pinning ticket. Sheffer Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 9] Internet-Draft Pinning Tickets July 2016 After a while no clients will hold valid tickets any more and the feature may be disabled. 5.6. Server Compromise If a server compromise is detected, the pinning secret MUST be rotated immediately, but the server MUST still accept valid tickets that use the old, compromised key. Clients that still hold old pinning tickets will remain vulnerable to MITM attacks, but those that connect to the correct server will immediately receive new tickets. 5.7. Disaster Recovery All web servers in production need to be backed up, so that they can be recovered if a disaster (including a malicious activity) ever wipes them out. Backup typically includes the certificate and its private key, which must be backed up securely. The pinning secret, including earlier versions that are still being accepted, must be backed up regularly. However since it is only used as an authentication second factor, it does not require the same level of confidentiality as the server's private key. Readers should note that [RFC5077] session resumption keys are more security sensitive, and should normally not be backed up but rather treated as ephemeral keys. Even when servers derive pinning secrets from resumption keys (Section 4.1), they MUST NOT back up resumption keys. 6. Previous Work This section compares ticket pinning to two earlier proposals, HPKP and TACK. 6.1. Comparison: HPKP Deployment The current IETF standard for pinning the identity of web servers is the Public Key Pinning Extension for HTTP, or HPKP [RFC7469]. Unfortunately HPKP has not seen wide deployment yet. As of March 2016, the number of servers using HPKP was less than 3000 [Netcraft]. This may simply be due to inertia, but we believe the main reason is the onerous manual certificate management which is needed to implement HPKP for enterprise servers. The penalty for making mistakes (e.g. being too early or too late to deploy new pins) is having the server become unusable for some of the clients. To demonstrate this point, we present a list of the steps involved in deploying HPKP on a security-sensitive Web server. Sheffer Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 10] Internet-Draft Pinning Tickets July 2016 1. Generate two public/private key-pairs on a computer that is not the Live server. The second one is the "backup1" key-pair. "openssl genrsa -out "example.com.key" 2048;" "openssl genrsa -out "example.com.backup1.key" 2048;" 2. Generate hashes for both of the public keys. These will be used in the HPKP header: "openssl rsa -in "example.com.key" -outform der -pubout | openssl dgst -sha256 -binary | openssl enc -base64" "openssl rsa -in "example.com.backup1.key" -outform der -pubout | openssl dgst -sha256 -binary | openssl enc -base64" 3. Generate a single CSR (Certificate Signing Request) for the first key-pair, where you include the domain name in the CN (Common Name) field: "openssl req -new -subj "/C=GB/ST=Area/L=Town/O=Company/ CN=example.com" -key "example.com.key" -out "example.com.csr";" 4. Send this CSR to the CA (Certificate Authority), and go though the dance to prove you own the domain. The CA will give you back a single certificate that will typically expire within a year or two. 5. On the Live server, upload and setup the first key-pair (and its certificate). At this point you can add the "Public-Key-Pins" header, using the two hashes you created in step 2. Note that only the first key-pair has been uploaded to the server so far. 6. Store the second (backup1) key-pair somewhere safe, probably somewhere encrypted like a password manager. It won't expire, as it's just a key-pair, it just needs to be ready for when you need to get your next certificate. 7. Time passes... probably just under a year (if waiting for a certificate to expire), or maybe sooner if you find that your server has been compromised and you need to replace the key-pair and certificate. 8. Create a new CSR (Certificate Signing Request) using the "backup1" key-pair, and get a new certificate from your CA. Sheffer Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 11] Internet-Draft Pinning Tickets July 2016 9. Generate a new backup key-pair (backup2), get its hash, and store it in a safe place (again, not on the Live server). 10. Replace your old certificate and old key-pair, and update the "Public-Key-Pins" header to remove the old hash, and add the new "backup2" key-pair. Note that in the above steps, both the certificate issuance as well as the storage of the backup key pair involve manual steps. Even with an automated CA that runs the ACME protocol, key backup would be a challenge to automate. 6.2. Comparison: TACK Compared with HPKP, TACK [I-D.perrin-tls-tack] is a lot more similar to the current draft. It can even be argued that this document is a symmetric-cryptography variant of TACK. That said, there are still a few significant differences: - Probably the most important difference is that with TACK, validation of the server certificate is no longer required, and in fact TACK specifies it as a "MAY" requirement (Sec. 5.3). With ticket pinning, certificate validation by the client remains a MUST requirement, and the ticket acts only as a second factor. If the pinning secret is compromised, the server's security is not immediately at risk. - Both TACK and the current draft are mostly orthogonal to the server certificate as far as their life cycle, and so both can be deployed with no manual steps. - TACK uses ECDSA to sign the server's public key. This allows cooperating clients to share server assertions between themselves. This is an optional TACK feature, and one that cannot be done with pinning tickets. - TACK allows multiple servers to share its public keys. Such sharing is disallowed by the current document. - TACK does not allow the server to track a particular client, and so has better privacy properties than the current draft. - TACK has an interesting way to determine the pin's lifetime, setting it to the time period since the pin was first observed, with a hard upper bound of 30 days. The current draft makes the lifetime explicit, which may be more flexible to deploy. For example, Web sites which are only visited rarely by users may opt Sheffer Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 12] Internet-Draft Pinning Tickets July 2016 for a longer period than other sites that expect users to visit on a daily basis. 7. Implementation Status [Note to RFC Editor: please remove this section before publication.] This section records the status of known implementations of the protocol defined by this specification at the time of posting of this Internet-Draft, and is based on a proposal described in [RFC6982]. The description of implementations in this section is intended to assist the IETF in its decision processes in progressing drafts to RFCs. Please note that the listing of any individual implementation here does not imply endorsement by the IETF. Furthermore, no effort has been spent to verify the information presented here that was supplied by IETF contributors. This is not intended as, and must not be construed to be, a catalog of available implementations or their features. Readers are advised to note that other implementations may exist. According to RFC 6982, "this will allow reviewers and working groups to assign due consideration to documents that have the benefit of running code, which may serve as evidence of valuable experimentation and feedback that have made the implemented protocols more mature. It is up to the individual working groups to use this information as they see fit". 7.1. Mint Fork 7.1.1. Overview A fork of the Mint TLS 1.3 implementation, developed by Yaron Sheffer and available at https://github.com/yaronf/mint. 7.1.2. Description This is a fork of the TLS 1.3 implementation, and includes client and server code. In addition to the actual protocol, several utilities are provided allowing to manage protection keys on the server side, and pinning tickets on the client side. 7.1.3. Level of Maturity This is a prototype. Sheffer Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 13] Internet-Draft Pinning Tickets July 2016 7.1.4. Coverage The entire protocol is implemented. 7.1.5. Licensing Mint itself and this fork are available under an MIT license. 7.1.6. Contact Information See author details below. 8. Security Considerations This section reviews several security aspects related to the proposed extension. 8.1. Trust on First Use (TOFU) and MITM Attacks This protocol is a "trust on first use" protocol. If a client initially connects to the "right" server, it will be protected against MITM attackers for the lifetime of each received ticket. If it connects regularly (depending of course on the server-selected lifetime), it will stay constantly protected against fake certificates. However if it initially connects to an attacker, subsequent connections to the "right" server will fail. Server operators might want to advise clients on how to remove corrupted pins, once such large scale attacks are detected and remediated. The protocol is designed so that it is not vulnerable to an active MITM attacker who has real-time access to the original server. The pinning proof includes a hash of the server's public key, to ensure the client that the proof was in fact generated by the server with which it is initiating the connection. 8.2. Pervasive Monitoring Some organizations, and even some countries perform pervasive monitoring on their constituents [RFC7258]. This often takes the form of always-active SSL proxies. Because of the TOFU property, this protocol does not provide any security in such cases. Sheffer Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 14] Internet-Draft Pinning Tickets July 2016 8.3. Server-Side Error Detection Uniquely, this protocol allows the server to detect clients that present incorrect tickets and therefore can be assumed to be victims of a MITM attack. Server operators can use such cases as indications of ongoing attacks, similarly to fake certificate attacks that took place in a few countries in the past. 8.4. Client Policy and SSL Proxies Like it or not, some clients are normally deployed behind an SSL proxy. Similarly to [RFC7469], it is acceptable to allow pinning to be disabled for some hosts according to local policy. For example, a UA MAY disable pinning for hosts whose validated certificate chain terminates at a user-defined trust anchor, rather than a trust anchor built-in to the UA (or underlying platform). Moreover, a client MAY accept an empty PinningTicket extension from such hosts as a valid response. 8.5. Client-Side Error Behavior When a client receives a malformed or empty PinningTicket extension from a pinned server, it MUST abort the handshake and MUST NOT retry with no PinningTicket in the request. Doing otherwise would expose the client to trivial fallback attacks, similar to those described in [RFC7507]. This rule can however have negative affects on clients that move from behind SSL proxies into the open Internet and vice versa, if the advice in Section 8.4 is not followed. Therefore, we RECOMMEND that browser and library vendors provide a documented way to remove stored pins. 8.6. Client Privacy This protocol is designed so that an external attacker cannot correlate between different requests of a single client, provided the client requests and receives a fresh ticket upon each connection. On the other hand, the server to which the client is connecting can easily track the client. This may be an issue when the client expects to connect to the server (e.g., a mail server) with multiple identities. Implementations SHOULD allow the user to opt out of pinning, either in general or for particular servers. Sheffer Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 15] Internet-Draft Pinning Tickets July 2016 9. IANA Considerations IANA is requested to allocate a TicketPinning extension value in the TLS ExtensionType Registry. No registries are defined by this document. 10. Acknowledgements The original idea behind this proposal was published in [Oreo] by Moty Yung, Benny Pinkas and Omer Berkman. The current protocol is but a distant relative of the original Oreo protocol, and any errors are the draft author's alone. I would like to thank Dave Garrett, Daniel Kahn Gillmor and Yoav Nir for their comments on this draft. Special thanks to Craig Francis for contributing the HPKP deployment script, and to Ralph Holz for several fruitful discussions. 11. References 11.1. Normative References [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13] Rescorla, E., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.3", draft-ietf-tls-tls13-13 (work in progress), May 2016. [RFC2104] Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., and R. Canetti, "HMAC: Keyed- Hashing for Message Authentication", RFC 2104, DOI 10.17487/RFC2104, February 1997, . [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, . [RFC5077] Salowey, J., Zhou, H., Eronen, P., and H. Tschofenig, "Transport Layer Security (TLS) Session Resumption without Server-Side State", RFC 5077, DOI 10.17487/RFC5077, January 2008, . 11.2. Informative References [I-D.perrin-tls-tack] Marlinspike, M., "Trust Assertions for Certificate Keys", draft-perrin-tls-tack-02 (work in progress), January 2013. Sheffer Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 16] Internet-Draft Pinning Tickets July 2016 [Netcraft] Mutton, P., "HTTP Public Key Pinning: You're doing it wrong!", March 2016, . [Oreo] Berkman, O., Pinkas, B., and M. Yung, "Firm Grip Handshakes: A Tool for Bidirectional Vouching", Cryptology and Network Security, pp. 142-157 , 2012. [RFC6454] Barth, A., "The Web Origin Concept", RFC 6454, DOI 10.17487/RFC6454, December 2011, . [RFC6962] Laurie, B., Langley, A., and E. Kasper, "Certificate Transparency", RFC 6962, DOI 10.17487/RFC6962, June 2013, . [RFC6982] Sheffer, Y. and A. Farrel, "Improving Awareness of Running Code: The Implementation Status Section", RFC 6982, DOI 10.17487/RFC6982, July 2013, . [RFC7258] Farrell, S. and H. Tschofenig, "Pervasive Monitoring Is an Attack", BCP 188, RFC 7258, DOI 10.17487/RFC7258, May 2014, . [RFC7469] Evans, C., Palmer, C., and R. Sleevi, "Public Key Pinning Extension for HTTP", RFC 7469, DOI 10.17487/RFC7469, April 2015, . [RFC7507] Moeller, B. and A. Langley, "TLS Fallback Signaling Cipher Suite Value (SCSV) for Preventing Protocol Downgrade Attacks", RFC 7507, DOI 10.17487/RFC7507, April 2015, . Sheffer Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 17] Internet-Draft Pinning Tickets July 2016 Appendix A. Document History A.1. draft-sheffer-tls-pinning-ticket-02 - Added an Implementation Status section. - Added lengths into the extension structure. - Changed the computation of the pinning proof to be more robust. - Clarified requirements on the length of the pinning_secret. - Revamped the HPKP section to be more in line with current practices, and added recent statistics on HPKP deployment. A.2. draft-sheffer-tls-pinning-ticket-01 - Corrected the notation for variable-sized vectors. - Added a section on disaster recovery and backup. - Added a section on privacy. - Clarified the assumptions behind the HPKP procedure in the comparison section. - Added a definition of pin indexing (origin). - Adjusted to the latest TLS 1.3 notation. A.3. draft-sheffer-tls-pinning-ticket-00 Initial version. Author's Address Yaron Sheffer Intuit EMail: yaronf.ietf@gmail.com Sheffer Expires January 9, 2017 [Page 18]